SIO Dive Site Foreword

DIVING SAFETY MANUAL

Revised 2002

Original Printing 1954

F O R E W O R D

The research diving program of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego (SIO, UCSD) is the oldest of its type in the country. The first non-military class in the U.S. which taught the use of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) was held by scientists for scientists on the Scripps campus during the summer of 1951.

In 1952 two individuals died using university-owned scuba equipment. This led to the President's Office restricting diving to those who had been trained through the program at Scripps. A statewide committee was formed to address the problems of training, equipment standards, air purity, physical examinations, recordkeeping, and diver certification.

These committee members were physicians, environmental health and safety specialists, biologists, physicists, engineers, most of whom were themselves divers. Their progress, the increasing availability of diving equipment and development of training and certification procedures led President Sproul in 1953 to accept the use of research diving as a viable means of conducting academic research within the university. The committee published its first set of Rules and Regulations covering the use of diving in 1954. This manual represents the 1998 revision of that document. It should also be noted that in 1953 Los Angeles county sent three individuals to Scripps for diver training. This trio then developed the Los Angeles underwater instructors program, the oldest such instructor certification program in the U. S.

The university decentralization of the early 1960's led to development, by the Scripps Diving Officer of programs on each of the other campuses. At the request of the President's Office, the Diving Officer also developed the first "University Guide for Diving Safety." This document, first published in March 1967, allows reciprocity between the various campuses, and is reviewed yearly by the campus Diving Safety Officers.

The safety record of research diving within the university is an enviable one and is the product of continued monitoring by the campus diving authorities.

Scientific diving was recently exempted from the OSHA Commercial Diving Standard based upon the documented history of self regulation in the scientific community.

The following is a quote from the State of California Title 8 Article 152 General Industry Safety Orders with the specific exception and necessary requirements for that exception.

(E) Scientific diving operations under the direction and control of a diving program containing at least the following elements:

1. Diving safety manual which includes at a minimum: procedures covering all diving operations specific to the program; procedures for emergency care, including recompression and evacuation; and criteria for diver training and certification.

2. Diving control (safety) board, composed of active research divers, shall at a minimum have the authority to: approve and monitor diving projects; review and revise the diving safety manual; assure compliance with the manual; certify the depths to which a diver has been trained; take disciplinary action for unsafe practices; and, assure adherence to the buddy system (a diver is accompanied by and is in continuous contact with another diver in the water) for SCUBA diving."

This manual was modified to comply with the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Standards for Scientific Diving and Certification and Operations of Scientific Programs which was published April of 1987. The AAUS document represents the minimal safety standards for scientific diving at the present state of the art.

The policies, procedures and standards set forth in this Diving Safety Manual are intended to govern the training and diving operations of all personnel participating in the Research Diving Program at SIO, UCSD. It applies to all divers operating under University auspices, including visiting divers, and to those campus officers responsible for the management and administration of the research diving program.

James R. Stewart

Chief Diving Safety Officer Emeritus

Wayne Pawelek

Diving Safety Officer

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

1.00 POLICY ON DIVING

1.10 PURPOSE

1.11 The Diving Safety Program

1.12 The Diving Safety Manual

1.20 SCOPE

1.21 University Auspices

1.22 Training and Certification

1.23 Equipment

1.24 Diving Rules

1.30 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHANCELLOR

1.40 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY OFFICE

1.41 Authority

1.42 Responsibilities

1.50 THE DIVING CONTROL BOARD

1.51 Composition

1.52 Authority

1.53 Responsibilities

1.60 THE DIVING SAFETY OFFICER

1.61 Appointment and Qualifications

1.62 Authority

1.63 Responsibilities

2.00 TRAINING

2.10 ELIGIBILITY

2.20 MEDICAL EVALUATION

2.30 RELEASE AND WAIVER

2.40 SWIMMING AND SKIN DIVING TESTS

2.50 POOL TRAINING

2.60 OCEAN OR OTHER OPEN WATER TRAINING

2.70 WRITTEN EXAMINATION

3.00 CERTIFICATION

3.10 TYPES OF CERTIFICATION

3.11 Eligibility

3.12 Diver-in-Training Permit

3.13 Scientific Diver Certificate

3.14 Temporary Certified Diver Certificate

3.20 OBTAINING A CERTIFICATE

3.21 Training

3.22 Denials of Certificate

3.23 Waiver of Specific Requirements

3.24 Registration

3.25 CPR Certification

3.30 DEPTH CERTIFICATION

3.31 Certification for 30-foot Depth

3.32 Certification for 60-foot Depth

3.33 Certification to 100- and 130-foot Depths

3.34 Certification to Depths over 130 Feet

3.40 MAINTENANCE OF CERTIFICATION

3.41 Term of Certification

3.42 Diving Activity

3.43 Medical Examination

3.44 Recertification

3.45 Requalification

3.50 REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATION

4.00 DIVING EQUIPMENT

4.10 GENERAL POLICY

4.20 RECORDKEEPING

4.21 Diving Equipment

4.22 Compressor Equipment

4.30 SCUBA REGULATORS

4.31 Approval

4.32 Inspection and Maintenance

4.40 SCUBA CYLINDERS

4.50 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT

4.60 BREATHING MASKS AND HELMETS

4.70 BREATHING AIR STANDARDS

4.80 COMPRESSOR SYSTEMS

4.81 Design and Location of Compressor

4.82 Compressor Operation and Air Test Records

4.83 Certification and Testing of Commercial Sources

4.90 OXYGEN SAFETY

5.00 DIVING REGULATIONS

5.10 CERTIFICATION REQUIRED

5.11 Depth Limitations

5.20 DIVING PROCEDURES

5.21 Buddy System

5.22 Diver's Flag

5.23 Flotation Device

5.24 Timing Devices and Depth and Pressure Gauges

5.25 Enclosed or Confined Spaces

5.26 Dive Tables

5.27 Depth Limits

5.28 Refusal to Dive

5.29 Termination of the Dive

5.30 SPECIALIZED DIVING TECHNIQUES

5.31 Rebreathers

5.32 Hookah

5.33 Surface Supplied Diving

5.34 Saturation Diving

5.35 Night Diving

5.36 Blue-water Diving

5.37 Dive Computers

5.40 DIVING OPERATIONS

5.41 Emergency Procedures

5.42 Lead Diver

5.43 Dive Plans

5.44 Pre-dive Safety Checks

5.45 Post-dive Safety Checks

5.46 Flying After Diving - Recommended Guidelines

5.47 Emergencies and Deviations from Regulations

5.48 Consequences of Violations of Regulations by University Campus

5.50 RECORDKEEPING AND REQUIREMENTS

5.51 Personal Diving Log

5.52 Record Maintenance

5.53 Required Accident Reporting

APPENDIX A Glossary of Terms

APPENDIX B Diver Emergency Procedures Information Sheet

APPENDIX C Ascent Recommendations

APPENDIX D American Academy of Underwater Sciences Guidelines for Use of Dive Computers

APPENDIX E Nitrox Diving Guidelines

APPENDIX F Aquarium Diving Operations

APPENDIX G Checkout Dive and Training Evaluation

S E C T I O N O N E

Policy on Diving

1.10 PURPOSE

1.11 The Diving Safety Program

The purposes of a diving safety program are to insure that all

diving under the auspices of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,

University of California, San Diego (SIO, UCSD) is conducted in a manner most likely to minimize accidental injury or occupational illness, and to set forth rules, regulations and standards for training and certification which will allow a working reciprocity between campuses, other institutions, state and federal agencies or organizations engaged in scientific diving.

1.12 The Diving Safety Manual

The purpose of this Diving Safety Manual is to set forth the basic underwater diving safety policy, organization, regulations and procedures for safety in diving operations on this campus.

1.20 SCOPE

1.21 University Auspices

Underwater diving under the University auspices is limited to diving in connection with:

Employment

Research

Academic work (instructional)

Training and certification for required University diving

1.22 Training and Certification

Any person diving under University auspices is required to observe the provisions of this Manual. Diving is not permitted by individuals until they have met the requirements for diving pertinent to the level of the proposed activity.

1.23 Equipment

All diving under University auspices shall be done with equipment, regardless of ownership, which conforms to the standards set in Section Four of this Manual.

1.24 Diving Rules

The regulations herein shall be observed at all locations, whether or not owned by the University, where diving is carried out under the University auspices.

1.30 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHANCELLOR

Maximum authority and operational responsibility for the conduct of the diving safety program on the San Diego campus is vested in the Chancellor. He/she is responsible for providing surveillance of campus diving activities, interpreting University policies, and developing additional campus policies, regulations and standards consistent with University policies.

1.40 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OFFICE

1.41 Authority

a. The Environmental Health and Safety Office has the authority to suspend diving operations of programs that are considered unsafe.

b. A representative of the Environmental Health and Safety Office shall meet with the Diving Control Board as an ex-officio member.

1.42 Responsibilities

a. General surveillance over the health and safety aspects of the diving program in accordance with the existing authority delegated under the 1969 statement of "University Policy and Organizational for Environmental Health and Safety."

1.50 THE DIVING CONTROL BOARD

1.51 Composition

The Diving Control Board is an administrative committee, appointed by the Vice Chancellor, Marine Sciences. It shall be composed of experienced divers, including the Diving Safety Officer. A representative of EH&S will be an ex-officio member.

1.52 Authority

1.53 Responsibilities

The Diving Control Board has the responsibility to:

a. Recommend to the Vice Chancellor, Marine Sciences, changes in policy, and amendments to the campus Diving Safety Manual as the need arises.

b. Establish and/or approve training programs through which applicants for certification can satisfy the requirements of this Manual.

c. Approve locations where diving may be conducted under University auspices.

d. Approve new equipment or techniques for campus use.

e. Establish and/or approve facilities for the inspection and maintenance of scuba and associated equipment.

1.60 THE DIVING SAFETY OFFICER

1.61 Appointment and Qualifications

The Diving Safety Officer is appointed by the Chancellor, with the advice of the Diving Control Board, and shall be a Certified Diver. It is desirable that he/she be certified to a depth equal to the maximum depth for any diver under his/her surveillance.

1.62 Authority

The Diving Safety Officer shall have the authority to restrict or suspend any diving activity that is in his/her judgment unwise or unsafe. He/she shall inform the campus Diving Control Board immediately of any such restrictive actions. The Board may recommend to the Chancellor that the restriction or suspension be overruled, but such a recommendation should require the approval by vote of a majority of the members of the Board.

1.63 The Diving Safety Officer is responsible for the:

a. Surveillance and coordination of all diving programs (instructional, scientific, recreational, etc.) with special attention to safety, and to assure the implementation of all applicable campus policies and standards.

b. Evaluation and surveillance of equipment and equipment maintenance programs, including arranging for or conducting tests of breathing gases and the approval and/or certification of all University sources of breathing gases.

c. Supervision of instruction and evaluation of all training programs.

d. Preparation of recommendations for consideration by the Diving Control Board, such as changes in or additions to campus policy, standards, and regulations to promote diving safety and efficiency; changes in training programs; locations for University sponsored diving programs; new equipment; and individuals or organizations qualified to inspect equipment.

e. Operation and conduct of the local diving program, although guided in the performance of required duties by the advice of the Diving Control Board.

f. Suspension of diving operations which he/she considers to be unsafe or unwise.

g. Custody and audit of all diving program records pertaining to safety.

S E C T I O N T W O

Training

2.10 ELIGIBILITY

Only persons diving under University auspices are eligible for University training and certification. Generally, these people will be affiliated with the University; however, non-University trainees may be admitted to the training program for underwater divers with the permission of the Board.

The applicant for training and certification shall normally be at least eighteen years of age.

2.20 MEDICAL EVALUATION

In accordance with American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Guidelines and the University Guide for Diving Safety, each applicant for diver training shall submit a statement signed by a licensed physician, based on an appropriate medical evaluation, attesting to the applicant's physical fitness for diving with scuba.

The following standards apply for medical examinations:

[ ] Initial Examination [ ]Re-examination (Every 5 years

under age 40, or first exam over age 40, every 3 years over age 40, every 2 years over age 60)

_____ Medical History _____ Medical History

_____ Complete Physical Exam with _____ Complete Physical Exam, with

emphasis on neurological and otological emphasis on neurological and otological

compontents compontents

_____ Chest X-Ray

_____ Spirometry _____ Hematocrit or Hemoglobin

_____ Hematocrit or Hemoglobin _____ Urinalysis

_____ Urinalysis

_____ Any further tests deemed _____ Any further tests deemed

necessary by the physcian necessary by the physcian

Additional testing for first over Additional testing for over

age 40 age 40

_____ Resting EKG _____ Resting EKG

_____ Assessment of coronary artery _____ Assessment of coronary artery disease

disease using Multiple-Risk-Factor Using Multiple-Risk Factor Assessment 1

Assessment 1 (age, lipid profile, blood (age, lipid profile, blood pressure, diabetic

pressure, diabetic screening, smoker) screening, smoker)

Note: Exercise stress testing may be indicated based on risk factor assessment 2. An appropriate evaluation must also be accomplished after each significant illness or injury.

2.30 RELEASE AND WAIVER

All students and other personnel (other than University employees) diving under University auspices shall execute a release holding the Regents harmless

Waiver, Release and Indemnity Agreement

For and in consideration of permitting (1) to enroll in and participate in activities and class instruction of given by (2) THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, in the City of County of and State of California, beginning on the day of , 19 , the Undersigned hereby voluntarily releases, discharges, waives and relinquishes any and all actions or causes of action for personal injury, property damage or wrongful death occurring to him/herself arising as a result of engaging or receiving instructions in said activity or any activities incidental thereto wherever or however the same may occur and for whatever period said activities or instructions may continue, and the Undersigned does for him/herself, his/her heirs, executors, administrators and assigns hereby release, waive, discharge and relinquish any action or causes of action, aforesaid, which may hereafter arise for him/herself and for his/her estate, and agrees that under no circumstances will he/she or his/her heirs, executors, administrators and assigns prosecute, present any claim for personal injury, property damage or wrongful death against (2) THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA or any of its officers, agents, servants or employees for any of said causes of action, whether the same shall arise by the negligence of any of said persons, or otherwise. IT IS THE INTENTION OF (1) BY THIS INSTRUMENT, TO EXEMPT AND RELIEVE (2) THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA FROM LIABILITY FOR PERSONAL INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE OR WRONGFUL DEATH CAUSED BY NEGLIGENCE.

The Undersigned, for him/herself, his/her heirs, executors, administrators or assigns agrees that in the event any claim for personal injury, property damage or wrongful death shall be prosecuted against (2) THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA he/she shall indemnify and save harmless the same (2) THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA from any and all claims or causes of action by whomever or wherever made or presented for personal injuries, property damage or wrongful death.

The Undersigned acknowledges that he/she has read the foregoing two paragraphs, has been fully and completely advised of the potential dangers incidental to engaging in the activity and instructing of and is fully aware of the legal consequences of signing the within instrument.

WITNESS:

Signature of Student

DATED:

Signature of Parent or Guardian

where applicable

MEDICAL EVALUATION OF FITNESS FOR SCUBA DIVING REPORT

Name of Applicant (Print of Type) Date

TO THE PHYSICIAN:

This person is an applicant for training or is presently certified to engage in diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA). This is an activity which puts unusual stress on the individual in several ways. Your opinion on the applicant�s medical fitness is requested. SCUBA diving requires heavy exertion. The diver must be free of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. An absolute requirement is the ability of the lungs, middle ear and sinuses to equalize pressure. Any condition that risks the loss of consciousness should disqualify the applicant:

RECOMMENDATION:

( ) APPROVAL:

I find no medical condition(s) which I consider

incompatible with diving.

( ) RESTRICTED ACTIVITY APPROVAL:

The applicant may dive in certain circumstances as

described in REMARKS.

( ) REJECT:

This applicant has medical condition(s) which, in my

opinion, clearly would constitute unacceptable hazards to

health and safety in diving.

REMARKS:

Signature of Physician Date

2.40 SWIMMING AND SKIN DIVING TESTS

The applicant for training shall successfully perform the following tests, or their equivalent, in the presence of an examiner specified by the Chancellor.

a. Swim underwater without fins for a distance of 75 feet without

surfacing.

b. Swim underwater without fins for a distance of 150 feet, surfacing not more than four times during the swim.

c. Swim 1,000 feet in less than 10 minutes without fins, any stroke other than crawl.

d. Demonstrate swimming with snorkel and fins with and without face mask.

e. Surface dive without fins to a depth of 10 feet, recover a swimmer, and tow the swimmer 50 yards at the surface.

f. Without fins, simulate rescue of a struggling swimmer.

2.50 POOL TRAINING

At the completion of pool training, the trainee must demonstrate in a manner acceptable to the instructor ability to perform the following in a swimming pool:

a. Rescue and tow, without fins, the simulated victim of an accident.

b. Remove and replace approved scuba and mask at a depth of at least 10 feet.

c. Clear face mask and snorkel.

d. Enter water with full equipment by jumping in feet first, rolling in backwards.

e. Demonstrate "buddy breathing" and use of alternate air source with and without a mask in the following manner: seated, swimming horizontally, and vertically.

f. Demonstrate ability to alternate snorkel and scuba while swimming in the deep end of the pool or in open water. Demonstrate proper use of personal flotation equipment.

g. Demonstrate ability to enter the pool with all equipment in his/her arms and don the equipment on the bottom of the pool.

h. Demonstrate understanding of underwater signs and signals.

i. Demonstrate in-water, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation methods.

2.60 OCEAN OR OTHER OPEN WATER TRAINING

The trainee must satisfy an instructor approved by the Chancellor of his/her judgment adequately for safe diving, and ability to perform the following in the ocean or other open water:

a. Surface dive to a depth of about 15 feet in the ocean or other open water without scuba.

b. Remove equipment as directed by instructor and replace equipment at a depth greater than 15 feet, demonstrating ability to clear both mask and regulator.

c. Enter and leave the open water or surf; in addition, leave and board a diving vessel while wearing scuba gear.

d. Snorkel 1,000 feet with breathing apparatus in position, but not breathing from the scuba unit.

e. Complete 12 ocean or other open water dives for a total bottom time of four hours at a depth not to exceed 30 feet, accompanied or supervised by a diving instructor designated by the Board. No more than four dives shall be made in any one day. Judgment consistent with safe diving practices should be demonstrated at all times, both above and below the surface.

f. Compute his/her own air consumption rate in cu. ft./min. for each training dive and describe to the instructor how to detect low air pressure in the tank. During the training dives, the diver shall demonstrate the ability to achieve and maintain neutral buoyancy at the surface and below the surface, navigate underwater and demonstrate techniques of self rescue and buddy rescue.

g. Demonstrate "buddy breathing" while on the bottom, swimming horizontally near the bottom and ascending from a depth of at least 20 feet.

h. Demonstrate knowledge and ability to accomplish an (exhaling) emergency swimming ascent from a depth of at least 20 feet. Scuba regulator to be left in mouth during exhaling ascent.

i. Demonstrate knowledge and ability to make a simulated out-of-air ascent using a "safe second" or "octopus" regulator.

2.70 WRITTEN EXAMINATION

Before completing training, the trainee must pass a written examination that demonstrates knowledge of the following:

a. How the various pieces of diving equipment function and their care.

b. The physics and physiology of diving.

c. Hazards of breath-hold diving and hyperventilation, and also the hazards of holding your breath on ascent after breathing compressed air at depth.

d. The causes, signs, symptoms, prevention and first aid for the following:

- Near drowning

- Air embolism

- Carbon dioxide excess

- Exhaustion

- Respiratory fatigue

- Oxygen poisoning

- Nitrogen narcosis

- Decompression sickness

- Carbon monoxide sickness

- "Squeeze"

- Motion sickness

- Hypothermia

- Hypoxia/anoxia

- Diving hazards

e. The diving regulations and precautions as outlined in this manual, including planning and supervision of diving operations.

f. Near-shore currents and waves, and aspects of fresh water and altitude diving.

g. Dangerous marine animals and fresh water hazards.

h. Underwater communication.

i. Procedures to be followed in emergencies, including buoyant ascent, buddy breathing ascent, emergency swimming ascent, and safe second ascent, and currently accepted "no decompression" repetitive dives, no decompression and decompression tables and procedures.

S E C T I O N T H R E E

Certification

3.10 TYPES OF CERTIFICATION

3.11 Eligibility

Only a person diving under University auspices is eligible for scientific diver certification from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.

3.12 Diver-in-Training Permit

This permit signifies the diver has completed a nationally recognized sport diving course and has successfully completed a minimum of 40 hours of training and a minimum of 24 open water dives since completion of training. This diver participates in a supervised training program and shall log 12 additional training dives with an approved certified buddy under normal working conditions.

3.13 Scientific Diver Certificate

This is a permit to dive, normally issued by the Diving Safety Officer upon recommendation of the Diving Control Board, usable only while it is current and for the purpose intended. The certificate shall include the date of the most recent physical examination (required annually), the depth to which the diver is authorized to dive, and an expiration date.

3.14 Temporary Certified Diver Certificate

With the written approval of two officials authorized by the Chancellor to certify divers, the documents listed below in 3.20 (except the "Release and Waiver") may be waived for a scuba diver who has demonstrated the required proficiency in diving and can contribute substantially to the specific dives planned. The Temporary Certified Diver Certificate shall be usable only for the period specified.

3.20 OBTAINING A CERTIFICATE

At the conclusion of the training period, the following documents recording the successful completion of the requirements must be submitted:

- Application for Scuba Diving Training

- Medical Evaluation Form (See Section 3.20)

- Release and Waiver Form (See Section 2.30)

- Swimming and Skin Diving Tests Checklist

(See Section 2.40)

- Pool Training Checklist (See Section 2.50)

- Ocean or Other Open Water Training Checklist

(See Section 2.60)

- Written Examination (See Section 2.70)

- Log of Twelve Ocean Dives

Submission of these documents does not automatically result in a certification. In every case, the diver must satisfy at least two qualified individuals appointed by the Board that he/she is sufficiently skilled and proficient to be certified. This skill will be attested to by the signatures of the individuals, and the Certified Diver Certificate for 30 foot depth will then be issued.

3.21 Training

Theoretical aspects should include principles and activities appropriate to the intended area of scientific study. Suggested topics include, but are not limited to, data gathering techniques, collecting common biota, behavior, installation of scientific apparatus, use of chemicals, site selection, site location and relocation, animal and plant identification, ecology, tagging, photography, scientific dive planning, coordination with other agencies, appropriate governmental regulations and small boat operations.

3.22 Denials of Certificate

Any applicant who does not appear to possess the judgment necessary under diving conditions for the safety of the diver and his/her partner may be denied certification.

3.23 Waiver of Specific Requirements

If an applicant for certification can show evidence of previous qualifying experience or training, he/she may be granted a waiver for specific requirements of training and experience. The requirements for medical evaluation, written examination or "Release and Waiver" shall not in any case be waived. Previous qualifying experience or training shall be construed to mean a minimum of 40 formal training hours in a scuba training course approved by the Board or its equivalent in formal preparation.

3.24 Registration

All permits issued (Diver in Training Permit, Scientific Diver Certificate and Temporary Certified Diver Certificate) shall be registered on campus.

3.25 CPR Certification

The trainee must provide proof of current certification in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), O2 administration and

first aid. (See p. 25 - AAUS Manual)

3.30 DEPTH CERTIFICATION

The Diving Certificate will authorize the holder to dive with scuba to the depth indicated on the certificate.

3.31 Certification for 30-Foot Depth

This is the initial certificate approved upon the successful completion of the training listed in Section Three.

3.32 Certification for 60-Foot Depth

A diver holding a 30-foot certificate may be certified to a depth of 60 feet after successfully completing, under supervision, 12 logged training dives to depths between 31 and 60 feet for a minimum total time of four hours.

3.33 Certification to 100 and 130-Foot Depths

A diver holding a 60-foot certificate may be certified to depths of 100 and 130 feet, respectively, by logging 6 dives near the maximum depth category. Depth certification shall be validated by the signature of two authorized individuals who are divers and are themselves certified to at least the same depth. The diver shall demonstrate proficiency in the use of the U.S. Navy decompression tables. During each training dive to the depth next greater than that shown on his certificate, the trainee must be accompanied by a diver certified to the greater depth.

3.34 Certification to Depths Over 130 Feet

A diver may be certified to depths of 150 and 190 feet after the completion of 4 dives near each depth. Dives shall be planned and executed under close supervision of a diver certified to this depth, who will accompany the trainee on each dive. The diver must also demonstrate a knowledge of the special problems of deep diving and of special safety requirements, i.e., decompression procedures, recognition of nitrogen narcosis, and detailed planning.

3.40 MAINTENANCE OF CERTIFICATION

3.41 Term of Certification

All diving certificates shall expire 12 months from date of issue, or three months from the date of the last logged dive.

3.42 Diving Activity

During any 12-month period, each certified scientific diver shall normally log a minimum of 12 dives. At least one dive to the depth of certification shall be made during each three month period. Divers certified to 150 feet or over may satisfy these requirements with dives to 130 feet or over.

Failure to log dives to the depth of certification as above may be cause of revocation or restriction of a certificate.

3.43 Medical Examination

All certified scientific divers shall pass an initial medical examination, and thereafter be examined at three year intervals until age 40. After 40, medical examinations will be given every two years. After each major illness or injury, a certified scientific diver shall submit to medical interview and/or examination before resuming diving activities. See Section 2.2 for examination criteria.

3.44 Recertification

If a diver's certificate expires or is revoked, he/she may be recertified after complying with such conditions as the Board may impose. The diver shall be given an opportunity to present his/her case to the Board before conditions for recertification are stipulated.

3.45 Requalification

Once the initial certification requirements are met, divers whose depth certification has lapsed due to lack of activity may be requalified by procedures adopted by the Board to no greater than the original depth of certification.

3.50 REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATION

A Certified Diver certificate may be revoked or restricted for cause. Violation of any of these campus diving regulations or of the State Fish and Game Code may be considered cause. The diver shall be informed in writing of the reasons for revocation, and he/she will be given an opportunity to present his/her case to the Board in writing for reconsideration and/or recertification. All such written statements and requests as identified in this section are formal documents which will become part of the diver's file.

See 5-10

S E C T I O N F O U R

Diving Equipment

4.10 GENERAL POLICY

All equipment shall meet standards as determined by the diving officer and the Diving Control Board. Equipment that is subjected to extreme usage under adverse conditions should require more frequent testing and maintenance.

4.20 RECORDKEEPING

Each equipment modification, repair, test, calibration or maintenance service shall be logged, including the date and nature of work performed, serial number of the item, and the name of the person performing the work for the following equipment:

4.21 DIVING EQUIPMENT

Regulators & alternate air source

Submersible pressure gauges

Depth gauges

Scuba cylinders

Cylinder valves

Diving helmets

Submersible breathing masks

4.22 Compressor Equipment

Compressors

Gas control panels

Air storage cylinders

Air filtration systems

Analytical instruments

4.30 SCUBA REGULATORS

4.31 Approval

Only those makes and models of regulators specifically approved by the Diving Control Board shall be used. All regulators shall have a submersible pressure gauge installed and functional. These regulators and gauges shall be inspected and tested before "first use," and every 12 months thereafter.

Regulators suspected of not functioning in a normal manner shall be immediately inspected and repaired by a university authorized repair facility.

4.32 Inspection and Maintenance

All scuba regulators procured by the University, and those privately owned and used on University projects, shall be inspected and tested before use and at 12-month intervals thereafter by a technician approved by the Board. A record of inspections and overhauls shall be maintained by the Diving Safety Officer or their designee.

4.40 SCUBA CYLINDERS

Scuba cylinders shall be designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders.

a. Scuba cylinders must be hydrostatically tested in accordance with

DOT standards.

b. Scuba cylinders must have an internal inspection at intervals not

to exceed twelve months. Any tank that is emptied shall be visually

inspected before refilling.

c. Scuba cylinder valves shall be functionally tested at intervals

not to exceed 12 months.

d. Manually operated reserves such as "J" valves are not permitted.

4.50 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT

a. Approval -- All auxiliary equipment shall be of a type approved by the Diving Safety Officer and/or the Diving Control Board.

b. BC's, alternate air sources and weight systems shall be regularly examined by the person using them.

c. Gauges -- Only those makes and models of submersible pressure gauges and depth gauges specifically approved by the Diving Safety Officer and the Diving Control Board shall be used. These gauges shall be inspected and tested before first use and every twelve months thereafter. Inaccurate gauges shall not be used. A record of inspections, tests, and repairs shall be maintained.

d. Quick release devices -- All weight systems worn by the diver shall be equipped with quick release devices designed to permit jettisoning the entire gear. The quick release device must operate easily with either hand.

e. First aid supplies -- A first aid kit shall be available at the dive location. When used in a hyperbaric chamber or bell, the first aid kit shall be suitable for use under hyperbaric conditions.

f. Emergency breathing oxygen shall be available at each location where diving is undertaken under university auspices.

g. Hand-held underwater power tools -- Electrical tools and equipment used underwater shall be specifically approved for this purpose. Electrical tools and equipment supplied with power from the surface shall be de-energized before being placed into or retrieved from the water. Hand-held power tools shall not be supplied with power from the dive location until requested by the diver.

4.60 BREATHING MASKS AND HELMETS

Breathing masks and helmets shall have:

a. a non-return valve at the attachment point between helmet or mask hose, which shall close readily and positively;

b. an exhaust valve;

c. a minimum ventilation rate capable of maintaining the diver at the depth to which he/she is diving.

4.70 BREATHING AIR STANDARDS

a. Breathing air for scuba use shall meet the following specifications:

Maximum oxygen -- Atmospheric (20-22%/v)

Oxygen content -- special mixtures must be specified by the advice of a competent authority and approved by the Board.

Maximum carbon monoxide -- 10 ppm/v

Maximum carbon dioxide-- 500 ppm/v

Maximum total hydrocarbons--5 mg/m3

Dust and droplets of oil and water -- Absent

Odors and vapors -- Absent

b. Breathing air shall be analyzed at intervals, and by methods approved by the Board.

1) Gas colorimetric tubes may also be used for determining CO acceptability of air under a modified testing procedure approved by Diving Safety Officer.

2) Absence of visible dust, oil or water on Whatman No. 40 filter paper after passing at least five liters of air through it will be considered satisfactory compliance for this specification.

3) Odors may be determined by sense of smell.

4.80 COMPRESSOR SYSTEMS -- MEMBER ORGANIZATION CONTROLLED

4.81 Design and Location of Compressor

a. Low pressure compressors used to supply air to the diver shall be equipped with a volume tank with a check valve on the inlet side, a pressure gauge, a relief valve and a drain valve.

b. Compressed air systems over 500 psig shall have slow-opening shutoff valves.

c. All air compressor intakes shall be located away from areas containing exhaust or other contaminants.

4.82 Compressor Operation and Air Test Records

a. Gas analyses and air tests shall be performed on each member organization-controlled breathing air compressor at regular intervals of no more than 100 hours of operation or six months, whichever occurs first. The results of these tests shall be entered in a formal log and be maintained.

b. A log shall be maintained showing operation, repair, overhaul, filter maintenance, and temperature adjustment for each compressor.

4.83 Certification and Testing of Commercial Sources

a. Breathing air from commercial sources approved by the Diving Control Board shall be certified on a regular basis as suitable for breathing, according to specifications in Section 4.70.

b. The results of tests of breathing air from commercial sources shall be recorded and filed with the Environmental Health and

Safety office.

4.90 OXYGEN SAFETY

a. Equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over forty percent (40%) by volume oxygen shall be designed and maintained for oxygen service.

b. Components (except umbilicals) exposed to oxygen or mixtures containing over forty percent (40%) by volume oxygen shall be cleaned of flammable materials before being placed into service.

c. Oxygen systems over 125 psig shall have slow-opening shutoff valves.

S E C T I O N F I V E

Diving Regulations

5.10 CERTIFICATION REQUIRED

No person shall engage in scientific diving operations under University auspices unless he/she holds a valid diving certificate issued by either the Diving Control Board, or by another program which the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, maintains reciprocity (see Section Four).

Scientific diving shall not be conducted unless procedures have been established for emergency evacuation of the diver(s) to a hyperbaric chamber or appropriate medical facility.

5.11 Depth Limitations

A diver may not exceed his depth of certification by more than one step. No diver shall exceed his depth of certification unless accompanied by a diver certified to a greater depth. No diver shall supervise more than one diver who is exceeding the depth of his certification unless all divers are certified to at least 100 feet. For the purpose of this section, the steps are defined as: 30 feet, 60 feet, 100 feet, 130 feet, 150 feet and 190 feet.

5.20 DIVING PROCEDURES

5.21 Buddy System

The term "Buddy System" as defined under SIO, UCSD diving rules and regulations states:

a. All diving shall be conducted in buddy pairs, unless the task being undertaken dictates the use of a third diver. Notification of Diving Safety Officer is required for other than buddy pair dives.

b. Divers shall maintain close and continuous contact and be in a position to render assistance in case of need.

c. If buddy separation occurs, all divers shall surface immediately and remain there until contact is reestablished visually or until the bubble trail is sighted.

d. The buddy system is based upon mutual assistance, especially in case of emergency. Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diver and the dive terminated when the first team member runs low on air, normally 500 psi.

e. Solo dives are prohibited.

5.22 Diver's Flag

The diver's flag (national and alpha) shall be prominently displayed whenever diving is conducted under circumstances in which boat traffic is a possibility or whenever required.

5.23 Flotation Device

All divers shall wear on every dive personal flotation equipment, which has been approved by the Board, and is appropriate to the task being undertaken and the environment.

5.24 Timing Devices and Depth and Pressure Gauges

Both members of the diving pair must have an underwater timekeeping device, an approved depth indicator, and a submersible tank pressure gauge.

5.25 Enclosed or Confined Spaces

Where an enclosed or confined space is not large enough for two divers, a diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry and an orientation line shall be used.

5.26 Dive Tables

Current U.S. Navy Diving Tables and Procedures shall be followed during all diving operations unless an alternate procedure or device is authorized by the Board. Any alternate decompression table or device shall be at least as conservative as the U.S. Navy Diving Tables. A set of appropriate diving tables must be available at the dive location. (See AAUS recommendations for use of dive computers and decompression tables.)

5.27 Depth Limits

The scientific diving certificate will authorize the holder to dive to the depth entered on the certificate. The certificate must bear the signature of the Diving Safety Officer at SIO, UCSD, or his/her designee.

a. A certified diver diving under the auspices of SIO, UCSD shall not exceed his/her depth certificate unless accompanied by a diver certified to a greater depth. Under these circumstances, the diver may not exceed his/her depth limit by more than one step.

b. Dives between 0-130 feet in depth must be in conformance with Section 3.30-3.33.

c. Dives exceeding 130 feet in depth must be in accordance with Section 3.34.

d. Diving is not permitted beyond a depth of 190 feet.

5.28 Refusal to Dive

a. The decision to dive is that of the diver. A diver may refuse to dive, without fear of penalty, whenever he/she feels it is unsafe for them to make the dive.

b. The ultimate responsibility for safety rests with the individual diver. It is the diver's responsibility and duty to refuse to dive if, in his/her judgment, conditions are unsafe or unfavorable, or if he/she would be violating the precepts of his/her training of the regulations in this guide.

5.29 Termination of the Dive

a. It is the responsibility of the diver to terminate the dive, without fear of penalty, whenever he/she feels it is unsafe to continue the dive, unless it compromises the safety of another diver already in the water.

b. The dive shall be terminated while there is still sufficient tank pressure to permit the diver to safely reach the surface, including decompression time, or to safely reach an additional air source at the decompression station.

5.30 SPECIALIZED DIVING TECHNIQUES

Scientific Diving Certification does not entitle a diver to exceed his/her level of training. It is necessary in some instances to request further training and permission from the Board before undertaking a more complicated project that requires more specialized equipment or diving procedures. Under no circumstance is a diver to undertake a project utilizing equipment or procedures found in this section (5.31-5.37) without prior training and approval from the Board.

5.31 Closed and semi-closed circuit scuba (rebreathers) shall meet the following requirements:

a. Oxygen partial pressure in the breathing gas shall not exceed values approved by the member organization's Diving Control Board. The generally accepted maximum value is 1.5 atmospheres ppO2 at depths greater than 25 fsw (7.6 msw).

b. Chemicals used for the absorption of carbon dioxide shall be kept in a cool, dry location in a sealed container until required for use.

c. The designated person-in-charge shall determine the carbon dioxide absorption canister is used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

d. Closed and semi-closed diving equipment will not be used at a depth greater than that recommended by the manufacturer of the equipment.

5.32 Hookah

Hookah divers shall comply with all scuba diving procedures in this manual.

a. Divers using the hookah mode shall be equipped with a diver-carried independent reserve breathing gas supply.

b. Each hookah dive shall be hose-tended by a separate dive team member while in the water.

c. The hookah breathing gas supply shall be sufficient to support all hookah divers in the water for the duration of the planned dive, including decompression.

5.33 Surface Supplied Diving

Surface supplied divers shall comply with all scuba diving procedures in this manual (except Section 5.21). Surface supplied diving shall not be conducted at depths grater than 190 fsw (58 msw).

a. Divers using the surface supplied mode shall be equipped with a diver-carried independent reserve breathing gas supply.

b. Each surface supplied diver shall be hose tended by a separate dive team member while in the water.

c. Divers using the surface supplied mode shall maintain voice communication with the surface tender.

d. The surface supplied breathing gas supply shall be sufficient to support all surface supplied divers in the water for the duration of the planned dive, including decompression.

e. During surface supplied diving operations when only one diver is in the water, there must be a standby diver in attendance at the dive location.

5.34 Saturation Diving

Saturation divers shall comply with the saturation diving standards of the member organization.

5.35 Night Diving

The following rules apply to any person in the SIO, UCSD Diving Program intending to participate in night diving activities:

a. Only divers that are certified at SIO, UCSD may have a night dive checkout unless the Diving Control Board approves a diver from another program.

b. A night checkout dive is required before any night dives are made.

c. Night checkouts will include:

1. An orientation lecture on night diving procedures given before a night checkout dive is scheduled.

2. The checkout dive made only with the Diving Officer or an appointed representative.

3. Mask clearing and buddy-breathing as part of the night dive checkout procedure.

d. Each member of the dive team must have a properly functioning light designed for underwater use.

e. Dive logs should indicate the night dive under "Type of Dive."

5.36 Blue-water Diving

In certain situations, it may be desirable for a person to engage in blue water diving in the course of their research. This mode of diving has many unique problems, and thorough training in safety and blue water diving procedures are required. A separate manual for operation of a blue water dive and the training requirements is available from the Diving Control Board.

Blue water diving is defined as any area where divers cannot see the bottom for visual orientation nor any of the fixed objects that normally aid in focal readjustment of the eye. Usually this applies to the open ocean where depths are extreme.

5.37 Dive Computers

a. Only those makes and models of dive computers specifically approved by the Diving Control Board may be used.

b. Any diver desiring to use dive computers must apply to the Diving Control Board for training, and take a written test to demonstrate understanding and proficiency in its use.

c. After the diver has been approved by the Diving Control Board, he/she must agree to follow all policies and procedures that the Diving Control Board may establish in the future, as more information regarding the use of dive computers becomes available.

5.40 DIVING OPERATIONS

5.41 Emergency Procedures

No local or remote research/recreational diving shall be conducted unless procedures have been established for emergency evacuation of the divers to a hyperbaric chamber or other appropriate medical facility. All such emergency plans shall be approved by the Diving Safety Officer or Chair of the Diving Control Board.

The Diving Safety Officer will prepare, distribute and update, as necessary, an emergency diver evacuation plan for local areas utilized by campus research divers. See Appendix B.

5.42 Lead Diver

For each dive, one individual shall be designated as the lead diver. He/she shall be at the dive location during the diving operation. The lead diver shall be responsible for:

a. Coordination. Diving shall be coordinated with other known activities in the vicinity which are likely to interfere with diving operations.

b. Briefing. The dive team members shall be briefed on:

1. Dive objectives.

2. Unusual hazards or environmental conditions likely to affect the safety of the diving operation.

3. Modifications to diving or emergency procedures necessitated by the specific diving operation.

4. Reporting any physical problems or adverse physiological effects including symptoms of pressure-related injuries.

c. Dive Planning. Planning of a diving operation shall include considerations of the safety and health aspects of the following:

1. Diving mode.

2. Surface and underwater conditions and hazards.

3. Breathing gas supply.

4. Thermal protection.

5. Diving equipment.

6. Dive team assignments.

7. Residual inert gas status of dive team members.